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1.
Electrical impedance measurements made on white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, stems were related to shoot free sugar contents and to osmotic, turgor and water potential. During seasonal dormancy induction, there were commensurate increases in free sugar contents, osmotic potential at full turgor and impedance which resulted in linear relationships among these variables. When measured over the course of laboratory drying, impedance increased curvilinearly with decreasing relative water content. There was a linear increase in impedance with decreasing water potential, with a break point coincident with the turgor loss point, possibly attributed to disruption to current flow through broken plasmodesmatal connections between adjacent cells. This technique offers a non-destructive method to measure tissue free sugar content, and therefore, short- and long-term shifts in parameters historically derived from pressure-volume analysis. 相似文献
2.
Mitochondrial dynamics play a critical role in deciding the fate of a cell under normal and diseased condition. Recent surge of studies indicate their regulatory role in meeting energy demands in renal cells making them critical entities in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes is remarkably associated with abnormal fuel metabolism, a basis for free radical generation, which if left unchecked may devastate the mitochondria structurally and functionally. Impaired mitochondrial function and their aberrant accumulation have been known to be involved in the manifestation of diabetic nephropathy, indicating perturbed balance of mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial turnover. Mitochondrial dynamics emphasize the critical role of mitochondrial fission proteins such as mitochondrial fission 1, dynamin-related protein 1 and mitochondrial fission factor and fusion proteins including mitofusin-1, mitofusin-2 and optic atrophy 1. Clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria is aided by translocation of autophagy machinery to the impaired mitochondria and subsequent activation of mitophagy regulating proteins PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 and Parkin, for which mitochondrial fission is a prior event. In this review, we discuss recent progression in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms targeting reactive oxygen species mediated alterations in mitochondrial energetics, mitophagy related disorders, impaired glucose transport, tubular atrophy, and renal cell death. The molecular cross talks linking autophagy and renoprotection through an intervention of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, and SIRT1 factors are also highlighted here, as in-depth exploration of these pathways may help in deriving therapeutic strategies for managing diabetes provoked end-stage renal disease. 相似文献
3.
4.
Although a large body of literature exists on the systematics and ecology of free-living marine and brackish-water nematodes,
key questions on the nature and magnitude of interactions between nematodes and other organisms in the benthos remain unanswered.
Relatively few authors have investigated live nematodes in food web studies or in experiments dealing with the nematodes’
response to a varying environment. It is mainly for the latter purpose that attempts have been made to maintain, rear and
cultivate selected species. This paper describes the methodology used for the maintenance, rearing, and eventual permanent
agnotobiotic cultivation of a variety of estuarine nematodes. Spot plates, where small samples of sediment or macrophyte material
are inoculated on a sloppy agar layer, have been used for the purpose of maintenance and initial cultivation. Those species
that reproduce on spot plates are then selected for monospecific cultivation on agar layers with different nutrient enrichments
and with micro-organisms cotransferred from the spot plates as food. Mixtures of bacto and nutrient agar prepared in artificial
seawater were specifically suitable for the xenic cultivation of nine bacterivorous and, when supplied with Erdschreiber nutrients,
two algivorous/bacterivorous nematode species. Up to three generations of five other nematode species have been reared under
laboratory conditions, and several more were kept alive and active for variable periods of time on agar. Generation times
observed on spot plates forAdoncholaimus fuscus andOncholaimus oxyuris were substantially shorter than previously published estimates and suggest a correspondingly higher predatory and scavenging
potency for these and related enoplids. A procedure for the long-term storage of nematodes at −80°C with glycerol as a cryoprotectant
was successfully used forDiplolaimella dievengatensis, Panagrolaimus sp. 1, andPellioditis marina, but not forDiplolaimelloides meyli. The authors have also summarized the existing literature on the cultivation of marine and brackish-water nematodes. Continuous
cultivation appears to have been successful mainly for Aufwuchs and epiphytic nematodes; only few sediment-dwellers have been
established in permanent culture. Of only just over 30 species that have ever been cultivated, more than half belong to one
family (Monhysteridae) and three are Rhabditida, an order poorly represented in the marine environment. Four species have
been grown in monoxenic and one in axenic culture, the latter though with limited success. It is concluded that our understanding
of the basic nutritional requirements of marine nematodes is as yet insufficient, and that the culture techniques which have
so far mainly deployed agar or liquid substrates, while being suitable for the cultivation of Aufwuchs and epiphytic nematodes,
do not accurately enough mimic gradients specific of the natural habitat of many sediment-dwellers. 相似文献
5.
Nitrate induced iron deficiency chlorosis in Juncus acutiflorus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chlorosis caused by iron deficiency is commonly associated with high bicarbonate levels in the soil. However, in rare cases such chlorosis has been observed in soils with high nitrate levels. In a dutch rich-fen, chlorosis has been noted in stands of Juncus acutiflorus at locations where groundwater containing high levels of nitrate reached the surface. Experiments revealed that the chlorosis could be attributed to iron deficiency although iron levels in the shoots were well above the known physiological threshold values for iron deficiency. It is postulated that increased nitrate assimilation leads to an increased apoplastic pH and to a concomitant immobilisation of iron and/or lower iron (III) reduction. Moreover free amino acid levels were markedly higher in the iron deficient plants in the field. It was found, however, that the percentage of nitrogen present as free amino acids was not influenced directly by low iron levels but mainly by the C/N ratios in the shoots. Nowadays, nitrate concentrations in ground water as high 1000 µM are no longer an exception in the Netherlands. We propose that strongly increased nitrate inputs may cause iron stress in natural vegetations, especially in wet habitats. 相似文献
6.
Electrical pulses have been widely used in biomedical fields, whose applications depend on the parameters such as durations and electric intensity. Conventional electroporation (0.1-1 kV/cm, 100 μs) has been used in cell fusion, transfection and electrochemotherapy. Recent studies with high-intensity (MV/cm) electric field applications with durations of several tens of nanoseconds can affect intracellular signal transduction and intracellular structures with plasma intact, resulting in an application of intracellular manipulation. The most recent development is the finding that parameters between those two ranges could be used to induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Proposal of apoptosis induction and tumor inhibition has advantages to pursue the treatment of cancer free of cytotoxic drugs. 相似文献
7.
Using benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) as a probe for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity, differences in mixed-function oxidase (MFO) activity were observed using microspectrofluorimetry in single living cells during long term treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) or carbaryl. Although these two compounds differ in chemical structure, similar effects were observed in 3T3 cell populations. The results suggest that the two compounds activate the same enzymatic system and that individual cells of a supposed homogeneous cell population are not equally sensitive to xenobiotics, i.e. subpopulations were observed which have differences in AHH activity. 相似文献
8.
《Cell》2021,184(22):5670-5685.e23
9.
《Free radical research》2013,47(6):327-332
Upon electrolytic reduction of a range of nitro-aromatic complexes (including imidazoles. benzenoids. furans and pyrazoles) an associated oxidation-reduction process is observed at more positive potentials with respect to nitro group reduction when using repeat scan cyclic voltammetry. This new couple has been identified as the reversible first reduction of the nitroso derivative for chloramphenicol, by the addition of a genuine sample of nitrosochloramphenicol to the electrochemical cell. We have failed to observe formation of the new redox-active species for five 5–nitroimidazoles examined.Possible reaction schemes for nitroso formation under electrolytic reduction conditions and the importance of the nitroso redox couple with respect to the cytotoxic action of the parent drug are discussed. The applicability of nitrosochloramphenicol as a model for the behaviour of nitroso-heterocycles in general is shown. 相似文献
10.
The number of people using mobile phones has dramatically increased. At the same time, many people are unsettled about the potential health effects from the electromagnetic fields generated by mobile phone base stations. Research indicates that the risks associated with base stations are perceived differently by experts, laypeople, and base station opponents. Using a free association method, we analyzed these differences in more detail. In our first study, we found no difference between experts and laypeople but a marked distinction in the associations of opponents as opposed to the first two groups. The prevalence of free associations in a large random sample from the general population was explored via correspondence analysis in the second study. People who assign high risks to mobile communication had different, more negative associations in mind (e.g., “senselessness,” “hazard”) compared to people with low risk-perception (e.g., “mast,” “acceptance”). Our research is in line with the assumption that the affect heuristic guides risk and benefit assessments, and highlights the role of affect in risk perception and communication. 相似文献